2020 USOMO and USOJMO Qualification Indices

AMC 10 A AMC 10 B AMC 12 A AMC 12 B
AIME I 229.5 230 233.5 235
AOIME 233.5 229.5 234 234.5

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What do these cutoffs mean?

After the AIME I and AOIME are scored, the USAMO committee and MAA AMC program will determine the cutoff indexes that will qualify students for USAMO or USAJMO. USA(J)MO qualification scores are determined by AMC 10/12 and AIME scores.

For this 2019-2020 competition cycle, the AMC will uphold this process to determine USO(J)MO qualifiers. Acknowledging that some students may have taken both AIME I and AOIME, both scores will be considered when setting cut-offs for those students. The AIME I and AOIME cutoff scores will be split. The student’s USO(J)MO indexes are calculated as follows:

USOMO Index = AMC 12 Score + 10 sign AIME I/ AOIME Score
USOJMO Index = AMC 10 Score + 10 sign AIME I/ AOIME Score

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There are many math competitions in the United States. Of those, only

AMC → AIME → USAMO sequence

would take you to the IMO (International Math Olympiad), the highest level math competition for high school students in the world!

USAMO

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Our Uniqueness

We have a long history of close collaboration with the MAA‘s American Mathematics Competitions (AMC), which are dedicated to strengthening the mathematical capabilities of our nation’s youth, and are the first of a series of competitions in high school mathematics that determine the United States team for the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO).

We are only one in the Washington DC metropolitan area to offer elementary, middle, and high-school level competition math courses. Our students have received top scores and awards at prestigious national math competitions.

Great Benefits of Math Competitions

In an increasingly competitive college application pool, the process of mastering math skills through our courses and participating in the American Math Competitions will help students strengthen and diversify their extracurricular activities. These contests can motivate students’ interest and passion in math, and they can discover their talent through solving challenging problems different from those in the school classes. Many top colleges also request AMC scores as part of the college application process. Both MIT and Caltech have entry blanks on their official admission application forms for the applicant to enter their best AMC and AIME scores. Ivy League Colleges and Stanford ask for to the AMC and AIME scores in their Supplement to the Common Application Forms. Your children deserve the chance to list these scores on their applications! Good AMC scores will greatly enhance admission opportunities for students to elite colleges.

Read more:

Contact Information:

Ivy League Education Center
Tel:  301-922-9508     or        240-780-8828
Email:  chiefmathtutor@gmail.com

education priceless treasure

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The AMC 8 Contest at the Montgomery College on November 10, 2020

AMC 8-New

We will offer the AMC 8 contest to OUR students at the Montgomery College.

AMC 8 Online Registration will open on September 3, 2020!

Date: Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Time: 3:30pm — 4:30pm (please arrive 10 minutes early)

Germantown Campus:
Address: 20200 Observation Drive, Germantown, MD 20876
Location: Global Hall Auditorium HT113, located on the first floor in the High Technology (HT) building.
View Germantown campus map here

Rockville Campus:
Address: 51 Mannakee Street, Rockville, MD 20850
Location: Room 461 in the Science Center (SC) Building
View Rockville campus map here

Note: Parking permit will be available.

You can find 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 real AMC 8 problems and answers, for your child’s practice, at:

*************************************************************
Henry Wan, Ph.D.
Senior Instructor in Math
Senior Math Coach Certified by the MAA
Tel: 240-406-3402
Email:  amcmarylandcenter@gmail.com
*************************************************************

For more details, see:

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The AMC 8 is a fun mathematics competition, aimed primarily at middle school students in grades 6, 7, and 8. Highly motivated 4th and 5th grade students are encouraged to participate as well. Last year the AMC 8 contest involved over 150,000 students worldwide.

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With these contests, there are awards in each school for the student with the highest score, certificates for high-scoring students in each school, and state-wide awards. The AMC 8 contest can lead to other more selective math contests, even all the way to the United States of America team sent to the International Mathematical Olympiad, the premier international high school level mathematical problem solving contest. But the real rewards come from challenging each student with mathematics that is new, different, and “outside of the box.” The problems on the contest are difficult, but designed to be within the reach of students. Even so, if your son or daughter managed to solve only one or two problems, this should be an encouragement to learn more, because these problems are meant to be more challenging than students routinely encounter in their mathematics courses.

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Mathematics is increasingly important in our technological and scientific age. Taking enough mathematics in school is the gateway to jobs and careers of all kinds, even those that are not explicitly mathematical, scientific or technological. We hope that by offering these contests, we can challenge and inspire students to want to learn more mathematics. We hope that your son or daughter enjoys the contests and will continue to take mathematics courses in middle school, high school and beyond.

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More details can be found at:

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Purple_fancy_lineRead more at:

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Important Dates for the AMC Competitions (2020 — 2021 School Year)

CompetitionCompetition DateTeacher’s Manual
AMC 8Tuesday, November 10, 2020
through Monday, November 16, 2020
AMC 8 Manual
AMC 10/12 AThursday, February 4, 2021AMC 10 Manual
AMC 10/12 BWednesday, February 10, 2021AMC 12 Manual
AIME IWednesday, March 10, 2021

AIME Teacher’s Manual

AIME IIThursday, March 18, 2021AIME Teacher’s Manual
USAMO/USAJMOTBDUSAMO/USAJMO Manual
MOP (The Mathematical Olympiad Program)June 2021 
AMC 8-New

AMC 8 Contest:  Tuesday, November 10, 2020

We will offer the AMC 8 contest to our local students at the Montgomery College. See:

AMC 10-12-New

AMC 10/12 A:  Thursday, February 4, 2021

 AMC 10/12 B:  Wednesday, February 10, 2021  

We will offer the AMC 10/12 A&B contests to OUR LOCAL students at the Montgomery College.  See:

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AIME I:  Wednesday, March 10, 2021

 AIME II:  Thursday, March 18, 2021

We will offer the AIME I&II contests at the Montgomery College. 

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USAMO/USAJMO: TBD

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MOP:  June 2021

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IMO: TBD

About the MAA American Mathematics Competitions

More than 500,000 students participate in the MAA American Mathematics Competitions each year, which leads the nation in strengthening the mathematical capabilities of the next generation of problem solvers.

The program begins at the middle school level of competition, AMC 8 and extends through high school with the AMC 10 and 12. Finally, the students with top scores are invited to take a series of invitational exams culminating in the USA Mathematical Olympiad and the International Mathematical Olympiad.

There are many math competitions in the United States. Of those, only

AMC → AIME → USAMO sequence

would take you to the IMO (International Math Olympiad), the highest level math competition for high school students in the world!

AMC-General

Our Students

In 2020, we had 82 students who are qualified to take the AIME either through the AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. One of our students was among the 11 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 12A: Yiyang X, and one of our students was among the 13 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Jason W.. 43 middle schoolers and 9 elementary schoolers qualified for the AIME!

Read more at: 2020 AIME Qualifiers Announced — 82 Students Qualified for the AIME

In 2019, we had 71 students who obtained top scores on the AMC 8 contest!

  • 8 of our students were among the top 151 National Winners (Perfect Scorers), including 2 sixth graders.
  • 36 students received National Distinguished Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 1% test takers, as shown in Table 2.
  • 27 students received National Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 5% test takers, as shown in Table 3.
  • 71 out of our 73 students (97.3%) received National Awards for the AMC 8 from the Mathematical Association of America

Read more at: 2019 AMC 8 Results Just Announced — Eight Students Received Perfect Scores

In 2019, we had 4 students qualified for the USAMO and 4 Students for the USAJMO.

  • Of the 280 USA Math Olympiad national qualifiers, 4 are our students: Luke C., Zipeng L., Sameer P., and Peter P.
  • Of the 235 USA Junior Math Olympiad national qualifiers, 4 are our students: Michael H., Noah W., Holden W., and Isabella Z.

Read more at: 2019 USAMO and USAJMO Qualifiers Announced — Four Students Qualified for the USAMO and Four Students for the USAJMO

In 2019, we had 76 students who are qualified to take the AIME either through the AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. One of our students was among the 22 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Noah W.and one of our students were among the 10 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 12B: Kenneth WVery impressively, 32 middle schoolers and 7 elementary schoolers qualified for the AIME!

In 2018, we had 64 students who obtained top scores on the AMC 8 contest!

  • of our students were among the top 44 National Winners (Perfect Scorers): Eric B., Kevin Y., and Isabella Z.
  • 40 students received National Distinguished Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 1% test takers.
  • 21 students received National Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 5% test takers.
  • 64 out of our 66 students (96.5%) received National Awards for the AMC 8 from the Mathematical Association of America

Read more at: 2018 AMC 8 Results Just Announced — Three Students Received Perfect Scores

In 2018, we had 73 students who are qualified to take the AIME either through the AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. Two of our students were among the 35 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Austen M. and Jason W.  and two of our students were among the 21 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 12B: Kaan D. and Edward W. Remarkably, 11 middle schoolers and 2 elementary schoolers qualified for the AIME!

In 2017, we had 63 students who earned top scores on the AMC 8 contest!

  • of our students were among the top 75 National Winners (Perfect Scorers).
  • 34 students received National Distinguished Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 1% test takers.
  • 22 students received National Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 5% test takers.
  • 63 out of our 65 students (97%) received National Awards for the AMC 8 from the Mathematical Association of America

Read more at: 2017 AMC 8 Results Just Announced — Seven Students Received Perfect Scores

In 2017, we had 61 students who are qualified to take the AIME either through the AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. One of our students was among the 28 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Austen M., and two of our students were among the 65 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10B: Ashwin A. and Brad Z. Remarkably, eight middle schoolers and one elementary schooler qualified for the AIME, which is geared toward high school students. Very impressively, Bryan Z., a 6th grader, gained a score of 132 out of 150 on the AMC 10B.Read more at: 2017 AIME Qualifiers Announced — 61 Students Qualified for the AIME

In 2016, we had 36 students who are qualified to take AIME either through AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. One of our students was among the 23 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Joel (Junyao) T. Particularly, seven middle schoolers and one elementary schooler qualified for the AIME, which is geared toward high school students. Pravalika P., a 6th grader, got a 115.5 out of 150 on the AMC10B, which is very impressive. Read more at: 2016 AIME Qualifiers Announced — 36 Students Qualified for AIME

2011 – 2015: In total, 37 students scored above 120 on the American Mathematics Contest 10 (AMC 10) and qualified for the American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME); 26 students scored above 100 on the American Mathematics Contest 12 (AMC 12) and qualified for the American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME); 3 students qualified for the USA Mathematical Olympiad (USAMO), the highest level of math competition for high school students in the USA

2011 – 2015: In total, 23 students achieved perfect scores of 28 on the AMC 8

Read more at: Notable Achievements of Our Students

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Our Uniqueness

We have a long history of close collaboration with the MAA‘s American Mathematics Competitions (AMC), which are dedicated to strengthening the mathematical capabilities of our nation’s youth, and are the first of a series of competitions in high school mathematics that determine the United States team for the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO).

We are only one in the Washington DC metropolitan area to offer elementary, middle, and high-school level competition math courses. Our students have received top scores and awards at prestigious national and math competitions.

We have extracted 10,000 brand new problems at the level of the AMC 8/10/12 from the licensed AMC Database. In addition, we have also collected all AMC8/10/12 and AIME Official Solutions as shown in the article “American Mathematics Competitions (AMC) Materials.” All these materials have formed a golden resource for our students, who are the ultimate beneficiaries.

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《为什么孩子学了 AoPS,却考不好?》——聚焦于 AoPS 教材与课程题库与 2015–2025 AMC/AIME 的时代性错配分析

Henry Wan, Ph.D.

许多家长都有这样的困惑:

“孩子认真学了 AoPS,题也做了不少,但 AMC/AIME 成绩为什么不理想?”

事实上,问题往往不在孩子,而在训练材料的时代性错位。
AoPS 教材和课程中所使用的题目,大量来自:

👉 1950–2000 年代的历史数学竞赛题目(经典 AMC、AHSME、ARML、旧 MathCounts 等)

这些题目风格与 2015–2025 年现代 AMC/AIME 的命题趋势 已经出现系统性脱节。

以下是详细分析:


① “经典题风” vs “现代考试”——结构性不匹配

AoPS 教材与课程喜欢使用 20 世纪的经典数学题,特点是:

  • 题干短,信息少
  • 数字友好、计算量小
  • 纯数学风格,无情境包装
  • 少干扰信息
  • 思维路径直接、追求数学美感

2015–2025 的现代 AMC/AIME 呈现完全不同方向:

  • 题干变长,阅读量大
  • 情境化包装明显,信息密度高
  • 干扰信息多,需要筛选与翻译
  • 数字“不友好”,计算量提升
  • 多步骤推理成为主流
  • 结构更标准化、套路更固定

因此孩子平时练习的题和考场遇到的题,本质上不是同一种类型。

AoPS 教材与课程帮孩子训练的是“经典题型能力”,
而考试需要的是“现代情境化应试能力”。

这就是最核心的错配。


② AoPS 教材与课程中的习题学科比例,与现代命题重点不符

AoPS 题目来源于 1950–2000 的老竞赛,导致权重偏向:

  • 代数 & 几何占绝大多数
  • 组合数学题量远不足
  • 数论偏重经典定理题,不涵盖现代构造型数论

2015–2025 年 AMC/AIME 真题 的得分结构是:

✔ 组合数学 = 分数最关键
✔ 概率 & 现代数论权重大幅增加
✔ 多步骤综合题大幅增加

这会导致:

孩子花大量时间练习的,不是考试最重要的;
考试最容易丢分的,反而训练不足。


③ AoPS 教材与课程使用的部分题源标准化不足,会干扰应试思维

AoPS 教材和课程不仅用老 AMC 题,也使用:

Mu Alpha Theta National Convention(1950–2000 风格)

  • 难度起伏大
  • 不够标准化
  • 偶有逻辑不严谨
  • 多技巧题、跳跃性强

旧版 MathCounts(尤其 1980–1990s)

  • 偏“快题”
  • 强技巧弱结构
  • 非多步骤推理

Mandelbrot 等理论型竞赛题

  • 偏证明、偏理论
  • 不符合 AMC/AIME 的考试结构

这些题目拓展视野不错,但若用于备考训练:

容易让学生养成“跳跃、非标准化”的解题风格,
与 AMC/AIME 的严谨结构化要求冲突。


④ 孩子考试表现不佳的根源:不是能力问题,而是训练体系错位

因此很多学生会出现:

  • 做 AoPS 作业很强,但真题一做就不适应
  • 一看到长题干就焦虑
  • 信息筛选不熟悉
  • 多步骤题很不稳定
  • 组合/概率题常常丢分
  • 大量计算下容易出错

这不是智力问题,也不是努力问题,而是:

孩子被训练成适应“1950–2000 数学题”的方式,
却要在考场面对“2015–2025 的现代题型”。

这是“时代错配”,不是“孩子不行”。


**⑤ 最有效的补救策略:

“经典基础 + 现代应试体系”双轨训练**

✔ 1. 把 2000–2025 真题作为训练核心

近年真题最能反映当前命题组的真实风格。

✔ 2. 专项提升组合数学、概率、现代数论

这些才是 AMC/AIME 的真正得分项。

✔ 3. 强化限时模拟训练

训练阅读量、抗干扰、结构化推理与计算稳定性。

✔ 4. 构建现代 AMC/AIME 的套路体系

如常见结构、关键转化模型、标准路径等。

American Online Invitational Mathematical Exam (AOIME) Registration & Open Events

The American Mathematics Competitions (AMC) has partnered with AoPS to support the administration of the new American Online Invitational Mathematical Exam (AOIME).

AOIME Registration
The AOIME is open to all students who qualified for the AIME (including those who already took the AIME I). The AOIME will take place on Saturday, June 6th from 1:30-5:30pm ET.

Registration for the AOIME closes this Friday (6/5) at 11:59pm ET. You can register for the contest and view contest details here:

AOIME Registration

Post-AOIME Open Events
We have a series of related events that are open to anyone interested in trying the official AIME problems and learning problem-solving strategies.

Unofficial AOIME Contest Access – June 7 – Sunday at 3:00 pm ET
Once the official AOIME testing window has passed, the AOIME will be open to unofficial contestants interested in playing through the AIME problems.

Problems from the AOIME Math Jam – June 8 – Monday at 3:00 pm ET
We’ll host a special Math Jam to go over all 15 problems from the 2020 American Online Invitational Mathematical Exam (AOIME). Even if you didn’t take the AOIME, feel free to follow along!

AIME Problem Writers Panel – June 10 – Wednesday at 4:00 pm ET
Join an AMA with the writers of the AIME. Bring your questions on problem writing, the AIME, and math contests in general.

中国专利申请量超越美国 说明什么?

中评社社评

中评社香港4月12日电(评论员 陈鸿斌)世界知识产权组织日前发表新闻公报称,2019年中国成为该组织《专利合作条约》(PCT)框架下国际专利申请量最多的国家。国际舆论认为,这一成就显示中国实施创新驱动发展战略和知识产权战略取得明显成效,表明中国创新能力和社会公众知识产权意识大幅提升。产权组织资料显示,2019年全球各项知识产权资料再创新高,提交国际专利申请量达26.58万件,比上年增加5.2%。其中中国提交了58990件专利申请,超过美国成为申请量最多的国家。

PCT是专利领域的一项国际合作条约,主要涉及专利申请的提交、检索及审查,旨在激励创新和推广创新成果。通过PCT来申请国际专利已成为涉外企业的首选,因为一份申请可以同时在所有缔约方为发明寻求专利保护,简单而且便利。专利所有权被广泛视为一个国家经济实力和工业技术能力的重要标志。

1999年中国的专利申请数仅276件,在短短20年内,中国的申请量便猛增200多倍,这在国际专利史上显然是前所未有的,这一快速发展当然应归功于中国政府全力推动创新。近年来中国实施创新驱动发展战略,加快建设创新型国家,创新成为推动中国经济高品质发展的重要引擎。

按企业排名,2019年,中国华为公司以4411件已公布申请连续3年成为企业申请人第一名。排名靠前的中国创新企业还有中兴、阿里巴巴和腾讯,显示出中国企业科技创新能力在不断提升。

中国在2017年取代日本成为国际专利申请的第二大国。此后中国只花了两年时间便超越美国,凸显出中国在先进技术领域的长足进步。

如今知识产权俨然已成为全球竞争的核心,但创新不是零和游戏,全球创新净增长意味着新技术和应对全球挑战新方案的出现,这将使所有人受益。

近年来,中国创新能力不断增强,科技创新成果量质齐升。中国创新投入的规模和增速已进入世界领先行列,研发经费支出从2006年的3003亿元增长到2018年的19678亿元,年均增长17%,世界排名从第六位上升至第二位。研发人员数量稳居世界第一位。

改革开放以来,中国在较短时间内建立了符合国际通行规则、门类较为齐全的知识产权法律制度,加入了几乎所有主要的知识产权国际公约,与全球80多个国家、国际组织或区域性组织建立了合作关系。“中国花大气力推进保护知识产权,取得了明显的成果。中国认识到知识产权保护对于提示竞争力至关重要,所以加强知识产权保护成为中国创新的重要推动力。中国政府一直十分重视知识产权在创新和经济发展中的重要作用,例如建立知识产权制度、相关基础设施、法律基础、关于知识产权的课程体系和专门法院等,这是无法否认的事实。

中国有效的知识产权保护每年给国外权利人带来巨大收益。资料显示,2019年中国对外支付的知识产权使用费超过340亿美元。美国《哈佛商业评论》指出,中国的知识产权制度对知识密集型企业的保护作用非常突出,其中也包括对外国企业的保护。在中国申请发明专利的等待时间要比欧美国家短,而且发明专利审查比欧洲一些国家更严格。

自1978年PCT体系投入运作以来,美国一直名列榜首,长期来根本没有一个国家能够撼动美国的这一地位。但千里搭凉棚没有不散的宴席,去年中国终于后来居上,使美国拱手让出了榜首地位。去年美国的申请量仅增加3%,以57840件屈居第二。中国迅速跃居榜首,这突出表明创新地理格局在向东方转移,这一趋势显然将持续相当一段时间。

此外,华为公司以4411件连续三年成为申请量最多的企业,欧珀、京东方和平安科技也跻身前十名,而美国仅有高通一家入列(第4位),日本和德国也分别只有一家公司跻身前十。尤其令人感到欣慰的是欧珀公司一举从2018年的第17位猛升至第5位,而平安科技更是从上年的第61位跻身前十名列第8位,其跃进态势令人咋舌,这充分显示出中国高科技企业并非只有华为公司一家在单打独斗。华为公司去年的研发投入高达1317亿元,增幅高达30%,如此高投入持续获得高产出也是理所当然的。一花引来百花开,中国企业在专利申请上的高歌猛进事态只是刚刚开篇,绝不会就此止步。

在大学榜单中,上榜的前十名也有4所来自中国,其中清华大学、深圳大学、华南理工和大连理工分别位列第二、第三、第五和第七名。这也足以表明,中国政府所推动的科教兴国战略正在显现其成效。

已连任12年总干事的高锐将于今年9月底期满卸任。今年3月上旬,在选举世界知识产权组织新的总干事问题上,美国联手日本和欧洲一些国家,竭尽全力阻止已连任两届该组织副总干事的中国候选人王彬颖。选举前两天,美国两党议员联名致函蓬佩奥,要求他对各国多活动,坚决阻止王彬颖当选。《华盛顿邮报》专栏作家乔希·罗金甚至大放厥词,说如果王彬颖当选就是“选抢银行的人当银行行长,”由此可见美国已焦虑到失态的程度。在美国四下活动之后,王彬颖虽然未能如愿以偿当选,但作为一个知识产权保护和创新大国,中国将一如既往以积极和建设性的姿态加强与该组织的联系,推动全世界知识产权保护事业的发展。

特朗普上任以来,以美国为首的西方国家指责中国侵犯知识产权的力度在不断加大。尤其是中美贸易战发生以来,美国指责中国在这一问题上已达到“炽热程度”,连特朗普总统本人也不断唠叨。美国著名中国通白邦瑞在其2015年推出的《与中国的百年马拉松》一书中,更声称中国“频频通过骇客入侵西方企业或机构,是全球首屈一指的知识产权盗窃集团。”但事实胜于雄辩,中国专利申请量超越美国,以铁的事实驳斥了美国对中国的无端指责,那些一直就此事喋喋不休的政客们无话可说,再也无法挑刺,向中国泼污水。

此时无声胜有声。用长足的发展和进步这一事实来回击指责,比语言和文字更有力得多!

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李君如:中美关系未来如何发展?“读懂中国”是关键

来源:人民论坛网发布时间:2020-03-20

第二届“读懂中国”国际会议开幕式-国家创新与发展战略研究会多年来,我们一直在倡导要“读懂中国”。不仅外国人要“读懂中国”,中国人也要“读懂中国”,同时也要“读懂世界”。这两个“读懂”相辅相成,如果真正“读懂”了,误解就可以消弭,互信就可以增强。

——原中共中央党校副校长李君如

互信是合作的基础,误解是互信的大碍。在今天复杂的中美关系中,美国一些人对中国的误解已经成为松动两国战略互信基石的“蝼蚁”。
如何消弭美对华误解?增强战略互信?日前,常务副会长、原中共中央党校副校长李君如在《人民论坛》刊文指出:要消弭美国一些人的对华误解,进一步增强中美战略互信,我们要更耐心地同他们交流,和他们一起来“读懂中国”。

在今天复杂的中美关系中,美国一些人对中国的误解已经成为松动两国战略互信基石的“蝼蚁”。弗兰西斯·培根在梳理人的认识容易陷入的误区时,曾经形象地把那些因立场、偏见不同而产生的主观认知称为“洞穴假相”,要消弭对华误解,增强中美战略互信,就应该让误解从“洞穴”中走出来。

读懂中国,误解是可以在交流中消弭的

生活中难免会发生误解。中国古代有一则寓言,叫“疑人偷斧”。这个寓言说的是:从前有一个人遗失了一把斧头,他怀疑被邻居的小孩偷走了。于是,他就暗中观察小孩的行动,不论是言语与动作,或是神态与举止,怎么看,都觉得小孩是像偷斧头的人。隔了几天,他在后山找到了遗失的斧头,原来是自己弄丢了。之后,他再去观察邻居的小孩,再怎么看也不像是会偷斧头的人。

为什么会发生这样的事?

当代杰出的新管理大师、学习型组织理论提出者、美国麻省理工大学斯隆管理学院资深教授彼得·圣吉,在他的著作中,讲述了“疑人偷斧”这个故事后指出:这是因为,人们观察和思考问题都有自己的心智模式,心智模式影响我们所“看见”的事物。

两个具有不同心智模式的人观察相同的事件,会有不同的描述。因为他们看到的重点不同。正如心理学家所说的,我们做了选择性的观察。即使在理论上应该是最“客观”的科学家,也无法绝对客观地观察这个世界。心智模式对我们的所作所为具有巨大影响力,就是因为心智模式影响我们如何认知周遭世界,并影响我们如何采取行动。我们所想的往往都是假设而不是真相。彼得·圣吉说,心智模式的问题不在于它的对或错,而在于不了解它是一种简化了的假设,以及它常隐藏在人们的心中不易被察觉与检视。

那么,人的心智模式能不能改变呢?彼得·圣吉认为,建立学习型组织,不仅可以超越自我,而且可以改善自己的心智模式。他说,学习如何将我们的心智模式摊开,并加以检视和改善,有助于改变心中对于周遭世界如何运作的既有认知。也就是说,除了那些准备带着花岗岩头脑去见上帝的人,只要他肯学习肯交流都可以改善心智模式,从造成误解的“洞穴”中走出来,正确认识世界上的万事万物。

中美两国都是大国,但历史、文化和社会制度各不相同,过去受到世界范围冷战的影响,两国交往不多,双方都生活在自己的“洞穴”中。许多人都以自己的“心智模式”来观察对方。既然对对方不那么了解,出现这样那样的误解是难免的。自中国改革开放以来,大批中国人特别是年轻人走出国门,到美国旅游、求学、工作和发展,打开了眼界,也了解了美国,从而消弭了隔阂,为两国各个领域的合作发展奠定了重要的基础。中国的经验证明,“洞穴假相”是能够消除的,“心智模式”是可以改善的,两个不同国家之间的战略互信是能够建立的。

现在,新的问题发生了,在中国经济快速发展特别是在中国经济总量超过美国经济总量的三分之二后,焦虑、失望、恐惧等复杂情绪开始在美国政界乃至社会中蔓延。之所以会出现如此激烈的反应,同许多美国人对中国缺乏了解甚至误解有关。这种“不了解”和“误解”,对于这两个经贸关系密切的大国来讲,已经成为两国好不容易才建立起来的战略互信的“理解赤字”。

举个例子,大多数美国人都不知道中国人是怎么称呼他们国家国名的。1844 年签订的中美《望厦条约》中,美国的国名United States of America曾经被译为“亚美理驾洲大合众国”。后来几经变化,被译为“美利坚合众国”,简称为“美国”(日本译为“米国”)。“美国”在汉语中的含义,就是“美丽的国家”。之所以把America译成这样具有美好寓意的名词,是因为中华文化是一种以伦理为本位的文化,历来主张“人之初,性本善”,在国际关系上要协和万邦,在翻译外语时又要做到信达雅。而美国几乎没有几个人知道中国人把他们国家称为“美丽的国家”,更没有几个人知道中国人从小接受的就是这样的教育。这是多么大的反差呀!

多年来,我们一直在倡导要“读懂中国”。不仅外国人要“读懂中国”,中国人也要“读懂中国”,同时也要“读懂世界”。这两个“读懂”相辅相成,如果真正“读懂”了,误解就可以消弭,互信就可以增强。

China读懂中国,关键在读懂中国共产党

美国绝大多数人包括一些议员从来没有来过中国,他们只知道今天的中国是共产党领导的国家,而他们头脑中的“共产党”就是前苏联的共产党,或者说就是冷战时期在媒体上被频频曝光其阴暗面的苏联共产党。以对苏联共产党的这种“了解”来认识中国共产党,这是美国许多人今天对中国和中国共产党误解的重要原因。

前几年,有位美国总统身边的大官,由于研究过苏联共产党,常常自翊了解中国和中国共产党。当问她:“中国共产党和苏联共产党一样吗?”她感到难以回答。后来,我们送她一本书,是清朝末代皇帝傅仪写的《我的前半生》,让她看一看中国共产党对待皇帝和苏联共产党对待皇帝是不是一样的。中国共产党对于像傅仪这样的皇帝也好,对于国民党战犯也好,对于过去在国民党军政部门工作过的留用人员也好,都有一个要求:只要他们不再搞破坏活动,就要把他们改造成为自食其力的新人,而不是从肉体上消灭他们。中国共产党的词典里有一个特有的名词,叫做“革命的人道主义”。

要了解中国共产党是一个什么样的党,必须了解中国共产党是怎么诞生的,而要了解中国共产党是怎么诞生的,又要了解近代以来中国的历史。中国有5000多年文明史,历史上有过十分辉煌的年代。需要指出的是,即使在中国经济实力世界第一的时候,也没有去称霸世界。但是由于英国工业革命兴起之时,中国错过了这一极好的发展机会,导致落后挨打。1840年鸦片战争以后,世界上几乎所有的列强都欺侮和侵略过中国。就是在这样的历史背景下,中国社会出现了“振兴中华”的民族复兴潮流。中国人今天那么强调国家的主权和领土的完整,就在于中国人经历过长达100多年的民族屈辱历史。这是美国和欧洲许多人没有经历过,也难以理解的。

非常有意思的是,在中国,民族复兴不是狭隘的“排外”。中国人在遇到民族救亡这一严峻挑战时首先反省自己落后了,认为要摆脱被列强侵略和奴役的悲剧,必须先向西方学习。中国人学习过西方的机器制造技术,学习过西方的君主立宪制,学习过西方的多党制、两院制、内阁制、总统制,这些学习都十分真诚,但都失败了。在第一次世界大战结束后的巴黎和会上,天真地认为“公理”能够战胜“强权”的中国人又一次失望了,西方把一个让中国人蒙受耻辱的条约强加给了中国。

在中国新文化运动中,中国人已经开始学习传播“民主”和“科学”等新思想,十月革命使中国人又从“马克思主义”“社会主义”中看到了新的曙光,进一步懂得了民主不是只有资本主义类型的民主,还有其他类型的民主。需要指出的是,中国人到处寻找真理,不是为了别的,就是为了救国救民。中国共产党就是这样,在民族复兴的时代潮流和世界社会主义潮流的交汇中应运而生。所以,习近平总书记指出:“为中国人民谋幸福,为中华民族谋复兴”是中国共产党成立时的初心和使命。

还要指出的是,中国共产党诞生后,在自己的实践中越来越认识到,要解决中国的问题不能靠别人,而要靠自己。特别是在同苏联共产党和共产国际错误指导的斗争中,中国共产党进一步认识到马克思主义必须“中国化”。但是,苏联共产党十分反感“马克思主义中国化”这样的概念,在上一世纪60年代中苏论战中还为此对中国共产党进行过批判。中国共产党人认为马克思主义中国化并没有错,并在改革开放中继续提倡这一思想,提出了“中国特色社会主义”。

要问中国共产党的最大特点是什么,就是始终坚持实事求是、群众路线、独立自主。这是中国共产党人在长期奋斗中形成的具有中国共产党特色的立场、观点、方法。世界上,各种各样的政党,兴衰成败,不胜枚举,但像中国共产党已近百岁依然那么充满朝气和活力,实在罕见;像中国共产党经过70多年奋斗就把一个“一穷二白”的十几亿人口的大国建设成世界第二大经济体,更是独一无二。这一切,都得益于中国共产党坚持实事求是、群众路线、独立自主这样的立场、观点、方法。

以对苏联共产党的“了解”来认识中国共产党,必定会产生误解。因此,我们说:要读懂中国,关键就在读懂中国共产党。

Chinese Culture读懂中国,重要的是读懂中国政党制度

让一个国家客观公正、全面了解另一个国家,是十分困难的。当前,世界各个国家对中国全面了解的其实并不多,就是了解中国的也不可能完全理解中国的政党制度。他们不理解中国为什么不实行多党制或两党制,而只有共产党一党在执政。在一些美国人心目中,更存在些许的误解、误读。他们质疑这样的政党制度和独裁、专制有什么两样。

在讨论这个问题之前,先要说明一下:中国的政党制度,既不是多党制或两党制,也不是一党制。中国实行的是“一党领导、多党合作”的政党制度、“一党执政、多党参政”的政治体制。“一党”指的是中国共产党;“多党”指的是中国的八个民主党派。许多人不知道,在中国除了中国共产党,还有八个民主党派。他们是:中国国民党革命委员会、中国民主同盟、中国民主建国会、中国民主促进会、中国农工民主党、中国致公党、九三学社、台湾民主自治同盟。由此形成了中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度这一基本政治制度和新型政党制度。

中国除了有共产党,还有八个民主党派,这件事不仅一些美国人不知道,就是像越南这样的邻居也存在不知道的情况。有一次我去越南访问,说到我们不是一党制,还有八个民主党派时,在场的一些人居然很惊讶。

和美国的两党制、法国的多党制都是在自己的历史中形成的一样,中国的政党制度也是在自己的历史中形成的。近代以来,特别是孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命以来,在中国政治舞台上出现过许多政党。和世界许多国家一样,当年各个阶级、各个政党及其政治人物在中国政治舞台上竞相表演、相互博弈。1921年中国共产党成立后,就和另一个大党中国国民党经历了合作、破裂、斗争,再合作、再破裂、再斗争。每次合作都是共产党主动握手,每次破裂都是国民党首先出手。

在抗日战争胜利前夜,中国共产党根据广大人民群众的愿望,主张抗战胜利后成立民主联合政府,明确提出可以先由中国国民党、中国共产党、中国民主同盟和无党无派分子的代表人物联合组成临时的中央政府。毛泽东还冒着风险亲自到重庆和国民党谈判。但是这一政治主张和谈判形成的协定最后被国民党否决了,他们决定用美国政府支持的武力彻底消灭共产党。面对国民党的武装进攻,共产党被迫进行自卫。当共产党领导的中国人民解放军在战场上赢得主动权后,决定夺取全国政权。

但是,共产党没有凭借武力独霸政权,而是一如既往坚持人民民主的思想,和各民主党派一起召开政治协商会议,讨论建立新中国。按照共产党原来的设想,先邀请各党派代表举行政治协商会议,再通过普选人民代表召开全国人民代表大会,成立新中国,选举产生中央人民政府。但由于大半个中国解放后战争还没有完全结束,而国家又不能没有政府,民主党派中有人向共产党建议,可以直接通过政治协商会议建国,由政治协商会议代行全国人民代表大会职权。共产党认为这个建议具有可行性,但不能仅仅由共产党和民主党派几个政党领袖开一个会来建立新中国,而要让各界人民的代表都能够参加政治协商会议,由人民来建立新中国。经过精心筹备,1949年9月21日到30日,中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议在北平(今北京)召开。参加会议的有全中国所有的民主党派、人民团体、人民解放军、各地区、各民族和国外华侨的代表600多人。

国民党因为反民主而失去民心被赶下历史舞台,共产党则因坚持民主而获得人民拥护掌握全国政权,这才是历史的真实。尤其需要指出的是,正是在民主与独裁的殊死斗争中,中国共产党以自己全心全意为民族独立和人民解放而奋斗的模范行动,赢得了人民群众的信任和拥戴,赢得了各个民主党派的信任和拥戴,成为全中国人民的领导核心。也正是在这样的历史进程中,形成了“一党领导、多党合作”的新型政党制度,形成了中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度这一基本政治制度。

还需要指出的是,在新中国成立后,有的民主党派认为自己的使命已经完成了,决定自行解散。事实上,有的政党确实很快就解散了。但共产党并没有认为这是一件好事。毛泽东亲自出面做工作,希望民主党派不要解散。他曾经动情地说过,共产党万岁,民主党派也万岁。在中国完成社会主义改造、建立社会主义基本制度后,毛泽东还说过:“究竟是一个党好,还是几个党好?现在看来,恐怕是几个党好。不仅过去如此,而且将来也可以如此,就是长期共存,互相监督。”“在这一点上,我们和苏联不同。”由此可见,中国共产党实行这样的政党制度,是依据中国国情和人民民主的要求作出的历史性选择。

毋庸讳言,我们在对待民主党派问题上也犯过错误。改革开放后,共产党总结了这方面错误。在共产党和民主党派关系问题上,邓小平在毛泽东讲的“长期共存,互相监督”八字方针后又加了八个字“肝胆相照,荣辱与共”,形成了十六字基本方针。江泽民进一步把民主党派定性为“参政党”,明确了民主党派参政的基本点是:参加国家政权,参与国家大政方针和国家领导人选的协商,参与国家事务的管理,参与国家方针、政策、法律、法规的制定执行。也就是说,中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度这一基本政治制度和新型政党制度形成于人民当家作主的新中国建立之初,巩固于中国建立社会主义制度之后,完善于改革开放以来。这一制度从形成到完善,充分证明了它和独裁专制毫无干系,其本质就是中国特色的民主政治。

读懂中国,不能不读懂中国民主制度

在美国等一些国家,许多人常常会问:你们既然也主张民主,为什么不实行和我们一样的政治体制,为什么不搞竞争性选举?

前几年,全世界充斥着万花筒般的民主鼓噪,从而引发了苏联解体、东欧剧变、“颜色革命”“阿拉伯之春”。尽管引起这些事变的原因各不一样、结果也各不相同,尽管那些国家的人民在这些事变中并非都享受到了民主的权利,成为国家的主人,但在许多媒体的报道和学者的著述中都被戴上“民主”的桂冠。这样,在民主成为一种时髦的同时,也在一些国家成为许多人付出极大代价而只有少数人才能享受到的奢侈品。

在美国和欧洲,虽然许多人认为中国没有民主,但也有人感到困惑。如果中国没有民主,那么为什么中国的市场经济不仅发展快还很活跃,甚至连许多西方国家都难以企及?一般而言,市场经济的发展,一要让公民享有自由的权利,包括自由选择职业、自由创业、自由迁徙、自由发展等权利;二要让公民享有平等的权利,包括宪法所规定的权利、平等交换商品的机制、平等交流信息的环境等。而具有这样的自由和平等,恰恰是民主的体现。

应该讲,要真正搞清民主这个东西并不容易。“民主”的词义虽然在词汇上可以一目了然,但要搞清其内涵却是让多少学者伤透脑筋的问题。民主的“民”是全体人民,还是多数人民?如果是全体人民,民主要“主”(统治)的是谁?如果是多数人民,难道民主就是多数人民“主”(统治)少数人民?美国学者乔万尼·萨托利和他之前的许多学者都讨论过“什么叫民主”这个极其复杂的基础性问题。在中国,也一直在探究民主这一重大问题。中国人民谁都知道,用民主取代专制、集权,是一种历史的进步。对于今天的中国讲,在要不要民主的问题上,早已形成共识,进一步在探索的是:实行什么样的民主,才更有利于中国的持续健康发展。

关于美国和西方许多人提出的中国为什么不搞竞争性选举的问题,可作如下解释。第一,这不是事实。中国有选举民主,只不过在目前阶段实行的是直接选举和间接选举相结合的选举制度。在县和县以下的人民代表是通过直接选举产生的,县以上的人民代表是通过间接选举即由下一级人民代表大会选举产生的。这些选举都实行差额选举,都是竞争性的选举。第二,中国正在不断完善选举民主。在县一级实行直接选举制度,不论直接选举还是间接选举都必须实行差额选举等,都是在改革开放后开始的。中国的选举民主,还在路上。

与此同时,我们也注意到,选举民主具有公开性、竞争性等优点,但也有不容忽视的问题。最大的问题是,它不能真正体现民主的本质。由于选举民主一般都依照“少数服从多数”的原则(目前还没有更好的办法)来进行,虽然人人都有一票的权利,但只有一部分选民的意志和诉求能够得到实现,而不能使全体选民的利益都得到实现。这个问题,我们在1954年召开第一次全国人民代表大会的时候就已经发现了。

为了让各个民主党派和无党派民主人士更好地发挥政治协商、民主监督、参政议政作用,毛泽东和党中央作出了一个极其重要的决定,这就是在召开人民代表大会后,人民政协不再代行人民代表大会职权,但还要继续发挥作用。1954年12月19日,毛泽东在论述人民政协为什么在召开人民代表大会后还要存在的必要性时,曾经说过:“人民代表大会是权力机关,这并不妨碍我们成立政协进行政治协商。各党派、各民族、各团体的领导人物一起来协商新中国的大事非常重要。人民代表大会已经包括了各方面,人大常委会是全国人民代表大会的常设机关,代表性当然很大。但它不能包括所有的方面,所以政协仍有存在的必要,而不是多余的。”

请注意:人大的代表性当然很大,但它不能包括所有的方面。这句十分朴实的话,其政治学意义就是,指出了选举民主势必会使选民形成“多数人”与“少数人”的矛盾,以及选举无法实现“少数人”民主权利的问题。按照毛泽东的思路,选举是民主的重要实现形式,要坚持和完善,同时也要解决选举过程中发生的少数人的权利怎么样实现的问题。他的主张是,选上人民代表的可以到人民代表大会中去行使民主权利,没有当上人民代表的可以在人民政协行使民主权利。也就是说,中国在民主政治实践中找到了破解选举民主难以实现全体人民当家作主的难题。破解的办法就是“选举民主+协商民主”。

党的十八大以后,在以习近平同志为核心的党中央领导下,中国建立了广泛多层制度化的协商民主体系。从中央到地方,不仅有人民政协这样的专门协商机构,还建立或完善了政党协商制度、人大协商制度、政府协商制度、人民团体协商制度、基层协商制度、社会组织协商制度。这样,就形成了选举民主和协商民主相结合的民主政治制度。在中国,不是在选民投票后就进入“民主休眠期”,而是在选民投票后还要通过各个层级的协商民主制度继续参与决策。这是世界上独一无二的“全过程民主”。

尽管我们在民主问题上犯过错误,但哪个国家没有犯过错误?显然,说中国“没有选举”、“没有民主”、“不是民主国家”,等等,都是对中国极大的误解。新中国不仅一开始就是一个人民当家作主的民主国家,而且始终在为坚持和完善民主制度而奋斗,其中还有许多自己的创造。这些创造不仅属于中国,也属于世界,是中国对人类政治文明的贡献。这对于现在一些正在反思怎么样完善民主制度的西方国家来说,也是可以作为一个案例来研究的。

中国能够在一个14亿人口的国家实现民主,找到能够在本国生根开花的民主实现形式,这本来是应该得到褒奖的。只不过因中国的民主实现形式和西方国家不完全一样,就说中国没有民主,这不能说是公道的。现在,需要反问的是:不是“条条大路通罗马”吗,为什么只允许开筑你们“通罗马”的民主之路,而不允许开筑中国“通罗马”的民主之路呢?

20180827_15354367791167读懂中国,要读懂中国人权思想

人权,又是美国一些政界人士和媒体操纵的一个涉华话题。美国国会通过的一些涉华文件,总是指责中国共产党领导下的中国人民享受不到任何人权,长期生活在令人恐惧的独裁制度下。这种说法在美国和西方社会中广为流传,以为中国真的没有人权。

许多人都不知道,当年起草《世界人权宣言》的人中就有中国的张彭春。他是中国南开大学创始人张伯苓的弟弟,由于他用中国文化理念解决了宣言起草中的许多难题,深得当年主持宣言起草工作的罗斯福夫人的赞赏。

事实上,中国人对人权的重视和追求,不亚于美国人。且不说中国人自古以来就有诸如“有教无类”等许多值得称道的平等和人权思想,近代以来在中国新文化运动中对西方文化的“人权”思想也作过介绍。1915年,陈独秀在创办《青年杂志》(即后来的《新青年》杂志)时,创刊号上首先向中国人介绍的西方文明就是“人权”和“科学”。陈独秀后来成了中国共产党的创始人之一,在中国实现“人权”“民主”和“科学”等先进文化也成为中国共产党成立的重要背景。中国共产党长期浴血奋斗,就是要领导人民挣脱这“四种权力”的束缚,就是要领导人民挣脱帝国主义和封建主义的统治,使中国人民享受到作为一个人应该享受到的尊严和基本人权。

回顾历史,在“强权即公理”的年代,几亿中国人哪有人权可言?也就是说,中国人认识到在一个任人宰割的国家,没有国家的主权就没有个人的人权;中国人个人要有人权,首先是这个国家要有国权,即集体人权。也就是说,中国的民族危机,使中国人在批判自己的封建专制主义政治文化时接受了人权观念;中国民族危机的深化,又使中国人在批判帝国主义的强权政治时深化了对人权的认识,形成了集体人权新观念。这正是中国在发展民主政治过程中尊重和保障人权的一大特点。

需要指出的是,中国共产党不仅是为了实现中国的人权、民主和科学而诞生的,而且为在中国推进民主、保障人权作了大量卓有成效的工作。中国共产党在民主革命时期的中心任务,就是争取民主、人权,包括政治上反对帝国主义、封建主义,经济上争取农民的土地权、工人的结社权和基本的福利,等等。特别是,中国共产党在1949年召开了中国人民政治协商会议,制定了反映和保障中国人民基本人权的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》,建立了人民当家作主的新中国,实现了中国历史上第一次人权大解放。

中国人一提到1949年,就会在耳边回响起一个令人自豪的声音:“占人类总数四分之一的中国人从此站立起来了。”这是毛泽东主席在新中国诞生之际宣布的。从那一时刻开始,《中华人民共和国婚姻法》《中华人民共和国工会法》《中华人民共和国土地改革法》《中华人民共和国劳动保险条例》等保障人权的法律法规应运而生,尤其是,中国共产党领导人民制定宪法、进行普选、建立人民代表大会制度,提倡民族平等和团结,建立民族区域自治制度,从制度上保证了人权的实现。新中国成立以来,中国人的人权一步一步地从纲领上的要求变为活生生的现实。这就是历史的真实。

中国今天在人权事业发展中所取得的一切进步和成绩,都源于40多年前邓小平提出的工作重点的战略转移。围绕解放和发展社会生产力进行的改革开放,无论是在农村实行家庭联产承包责任制,还是在建立深圳等四个经济特区后大力推进对外开放,无论是推进经济体制改革、科技体制改革、教育体制改革、文化体制改革、政治体制改革,还是推进和谐社会建设、党内民主建设,等等,所有这一切改革和发展,都极大地推进了中国人权事业的发展。改革开放以来这40多年,实现了中国历史上第二次人权大解放。

当然,在中国人权发展的道路上,我们犯过令人痛心的错误,特别是像“文化大革命”时期那样大规模地侵犯人权的错误。但是,我们也必须提出,这些失误都是我们自己纠正的。正由于我们在人权事业的发展过程中经历过令人痛心的曲折,因此我们更加珍惜中国人权事业发展所取得的成果,更加珍惜我们每一个人在中国社会进步中应该享有并已经享有的人权。1997年中国共产党的十五大把“尊重和保障人权”写进党代会报告,2004年第十届全国人民代表大会第二次会议把“尊重和保障人权”写进《中华人民共和国宪法》,标志着中国共产党已经明确地把“尊重和保障人权”作为治国的根本理念和重要任务。

中国的人权事业获得了这么大的进展,但并非完美无缺。正如习近平总书记所说的:“人权保障没有最好,只有更好。”我们清醒地认识到,在全社会特别是在干部队伍中普及人权思想还有许多工作要做,在一些形式主义、官僚主义严重的地方经常发生侵犯人权的问题,尊重和保障人权的机制还不完善。中国在人权问题上要做的工作还很多。因此,对于任何善意的批评,我们都是愿意接受的,对于出现的一切问题,我们都在认真加以解决。

至于国际社会有些人,完全罔顾中国在人权问题上取得的从未有过的进展,而是戴着有色眼镜和偏见对中国喋喋不休地加以指责,尤其是他们把一些在中国犯有侵犯人权劣迹的人捧为“维权英雄”,并以他们的“控诉”为据来否定中国。这是十分可笑的。那么,为什么会出现这些现象?这是我们应该深入思考和研究的问题。

重要的原因是,第二次世界大战后出现的冷战和在这个背景下形成的意识形态对立依然存在。自从苏东剧变以后,历时近半个世纪的冷战格局终于结束了。改革开放以来,深受冷战之害的中国人果断地抛弃冷战思维,开辟中国和平发展道路,一直到今天提出要与各国人民一起构建人类命运共同体。但是,西方有一些政治家和组织,不仅没有从那种落后的冷战思维中解放出来,还继续用已经过时的冷战思维,包括用冷战中形成的丑化共产党和社会主义的偏见来评论我们的人权事业。殊不知,他们的这种“丑化”“偏见”和“指责”恰恰是对中国人的尊严和人权的严重侵犯。

我们坚信,冷战思维的偏执声音是经不起事实检验的,冷战思维抹杀不了中国在人权事业上取得的历史性进步和成就。

oyC43cJqfB读懂中国,从根本上说,必须读懂中国人的价值观

对中国的各种误解,实质都是对中国人价值观的误解。读懂中国,从根本上说,必须读懂中国人的价值观。

首先应该指出的是,人类文明不管是西方文明还是东方文明,都有共同的价值追求。比如和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由等,是包括中国人民在内的全人类的共同价值。在中华传统文化中,“和”包括“和平”“和谐”“和睦”“和气”等含义,是一个内涵丰富的崇高的价值追求。“和而不同”“和为贵”“家和万事兴”“和气生财”是几千年来中国人规范自己言行的基本遵循,甚至在战争理论中都强调“国虽大,好战必亡”“不战而屈人之兵”“化干戈为玉帛”。可以说,中国人的价值观是中华民族几千年文明积淀下来的精华,同时它又和人类其他文明有内在的相通之处,是人类共同价值追求的重要组成部分。

同时,中华民族在自己上下五千年的文明形成和发展过程中,在价值观上也形成了许多自己的特色。几千年前的中国典籍《礼记》就强调,中国人追求的“大道”或最高价值观是“天下为公”。也就是说,同西方一些国家相比,中国人更强调天下是天下人的天下,而不是某个人的天下。中国人的这种“天下观”是一种集体主义的天下观,而非个人主义的天下观。西方已经有许多人注意到,中国人在价值观上更强调集体主义精神,而非个人主义,这是历史形成的,而非中国共产党刻意灌输的。至于中国人为什么会形成这样的价值观,大家可以深入研究,但首先必须尊重历史。历史会告诉人们,企图以个人主义来取代集体主义是不可能的。尊重中国人,就应该尊重中国历史形成的价值观。

中国人形成这样的价值观,不是偶然的。我们今天讲的中华民族,是在“中华大地”上世世代代艰辛奋斗的各个民族经过漫长的历史融合逐步形成的。在这个历史进程中,中华民族形成了一个团结奋斗的大家庭,并以此为基础形成了集体主义精神。中国地势西高东低,西边是大山、东边临大海,黄河、长江等大江大河贯穿东西,中国人在这片江河滋润的土地上敬天奉祖、耕耘收获。这就是《易经》所描述的“天行健,君子以自强不息”“地势坤,君子以厚德载物”的环境基础。

但是,也正是这样的地理环境决定了这里每年都会发生洪水泛滥等自然灾害。在漫长的农耕社会中,古代中国人还没有工业化的抗洪机械设备,唯有把劳动力组织起来,并运用自己的聪明才智,才能驯服驾驭奔腾的江河,才能赢得抗洪的胜利。在中国历史上,从大禹治水开始,涌现了一批治水英雄。李冰父子主持的四川都江堰至今为世人称道,老百姓还为他们修建了神庙。在某种意义上,可以说中国人的集体主义精神,就是在这样的历史长河中、在同大自然的抗争中,逐步形成和发展起来的。

需要指出的是,中国共产党人是接受了现代文明精神涵养的人,在强调集体主义精神的同时,并不简单地排斥个人、个性的作用,而是强调要正确处理好个人、集体、国家这三者关系。毛泽东在民主革命的时候就说过,建立社会主义要避免“空想”,必须有“几万万人民的个性的解放和个性的发展”。在领导中国走上社会主义道路的时候,他又明确指出:我们提倡的社会主义精神,是“以集体利益和个人利益相结合的原则为一切言论行动的标准的社会主义精神”。在建立社会主义制度后,他又在《论十大关系》中强调指出:“必须兼顾国家、集体和个人三个方面。”他还特地指出,这是鉴于苏联的教训提出来的。也就是说,中国共产党强调的“集体主义”和当年苏联共产党强调的“集体主义”是有区别的。

综上所述,“读懂中国”是一篇大文章,但只要认真去“读”,不断去“读”,就一定能够“读懂”。中国人自己首先要“读”、要“读懂”,同时我们也希望愿意同中国交往的人也来读一读中国,以增进对中国历史、文化和现状的了解。在今天复杂的中美关系中,要消弭美国一些人的对华误解,进一步增强中美战略互信,我们也要更耐心地同他们交流,和他们一起来“读懂中国”。

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2020 AIME II and USA(J)MO are Postponed and MOP is Canceled

The AMC has just made the decision to postpone the 2020 AIME II and USA(J)MO, as well as cancel the MOP. We have quoted their full announcement below, which is on their website at http://maa.org/math-competitions.

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AMC Competition Updates

In Response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic

Dear Parents, Teachers, Students and all that support our Competitions Program,

After much deliberation and discussions with teachers, parents and our MAA team, we have decided to put an indefinite hold on all aspects of the AMC program:

  • This will include postponing until further notice the AIME II, USA(J)MO, and the scheduled grading session in Boston.
  • This will also mean, unfortunately, that we will not hold the on-site summer Mathematical Olympiad Program (MOP) at Carnegie Mellon University in June.
  • We will make decisions in the coming weeks on whether or not we’ll be able to host the Mathematical Olympiad Awards Ceremony (MOAC) in June, as well as provide updates on the status of the IMO in St. Petersburg, Russia.

As the uncertainty of the worldwide pandemic continues to unfold, we are working with our teams to determine when and how to resume the program. This will take some time to work through, so we appreciate your patience during this time.

We have received all of your calls, emails, and messages of support and are so thankful for such an engaged community. We understand the importance of this program and how hard the students have worked to study and prepare.

We ask for your patience as we work through options during this worldwide pandemic. The impact it is having on our school’s students and teachers is unprecedented. Our hope is that postponing our competitions program supports the well-being of our students and our country during this time. We will provide an update as to the status of the 2019-2020 competition program in the coming weeks.

Above all, I hope that all students and teachers remain safe, and continue to follow the guidance from health-care professionals within your community and at the state and federal levels.

 

Sincerely,

Jennifer S. Barton
Director, Competition Operations

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2020 AIME I Problems and Answers

The 2020 AIME I was held on March 11, 2020. 2,458 students from US and Canadian schools participated in this contest.

logoThe AIME provides the exceptional students who are invited to take it with yet another opportunity to challenge their mathematical abilities. Like all examinations, it is a means towards furthering mathematical development and interest. The real value of the examination is in the learning that can come from the preparation beforehand and from further thought and discussion of the solutions.

The 2020 AIME I Problems and Answers have been posted below.

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More details can be found at:

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There are many math competitions in the United States. Of those, only

AMC → AIME → USAMO sequence

would take you to the IMO (International Math Olympiad), the highest level math competition for high school students in the world!

AMC-General

Featured Math Instructors

All of our sessions are taught by highly qualified instructors who are excellent experts on preparing students for the exam. We distinguish ourselves by the high quality of our instructors. Finding top-quality instructors is no easy task. We’ve hand-picked some of the best, including graduates of Ivy League institutions.

Our instructors are dedicated to teaching and student success. They are very knowledgeable, patient, available, and willing to help our students. Our students receive a quality education that goes beyond the classroom.

Meet some of them here:

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Our Students

In 2019, we had 4 students qualified for the USAMO and 4 Students for the USAJMO.

  • Of the 280 USA Math Olympiad national qualifiers, 4 are our students: Luke C., Zipeng L., Sameer P., and Peter P.
  • Of the 235 USA Junior Math Olympiad national qualifiers, 4 are our students: Michael H., Noah W., Holden W., and Isabella Z.

Read more at: 2019 USAMO and USAJMO Qualifiers Announced — Four Students Qualified for the USAMO and Four Students for the USAJMO

In 2019, we had 76 students who are qualified to take the AIME either through the AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. One of our students was among the 22 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Noah W.and one of our students were among the 10 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 12B: Kenneth WVery impressively, 32 middle schoolers and 7 elementary schoolers qualified for the AIME!

In 2018, we had 64 students who obtained top scores on the AMC 8 contest!

  • of our students were among the top 44 National Winners (Perfect Scorers): Eric B., Kevin Y., and Isabella Z.
  • 40 students received National Distinguished Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 1% test takers.
  • 21 students received National Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 5% test takers.
  • 64 out of our 66 students (96.5%) received National Awards for the AMC 8 from the Mathematical Association of America

Read more at: 2018 AMC 8 Results Just Announced — Three Students Received Perfect Scores

In 2018, we had 73 students who are qualified to take the AIME either through the AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. Two of our students were among the 35 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Austen M. and Jason W.  and two of our students were among the 21 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 12B: Kaan D. and Edward W. Remarkably, 11 middle schoolers and 2 elementary schoolers qualified for the AIME!

In 2017, we had 63 students who earned top scores on the AMC 8 contest!

  • of our students were among the top 75 National Winners (Perfect Scorers).
  • 34 students received National Distinguished Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 1% test takers.
  • 22 students received National Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 5% test takers.
  • 63 out of our 65 students (97%) received National Awards for the AMC 8 from the Mathematical Association of America

Read more at: 2017 AMC 8 Results Just Announced — Seven Students Received Perfect Scores

In 2017, we had 61 students who are qualified to take the AIME either through the AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. One of our students was among the 28 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Austen M., and two of our students were among the 65 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10B: Ashwin A. and Brad Z. Remarkably, eight middle schoolers and one elementary schooler qualified for the AIME, which is geared toward high school students. Very impressively, Bryan Z., a 6th grader, gained a score of 132 out of 150 on the AMC 10B.Read more at: 2017 AIME Qualifiers Announced — 61 Students Qualified for the AIME

In 2016, we had 36 students who are qualified to take AIME either through AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. One of our students was among the 23 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Joel (Junyao) T. Particularly, seven middle schoolers and one elementary schooler qualified for the AIME, which is geared toward high school students. Pravalika P., a 6th grader, got a 115.5 out of 150 on the AMC10B, which is very impressive. Read more at: 2016 AIME Qualifiers Announced — 36 Students Qualified for AIME

2011 – 2015: In total, 37 students scored above 120 on the American Mathematics Contest 10 (AMC 10) and qualified for the American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME); 26 students scored above 100 on the American Mathematics Contest 12 (AMC 12) and qualified for the American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME); 3 students qualified for the USA Mathematical Olympiad (USAMO), the highest level of math competition for high school students in the USA

2011 – 2015: In total, 23 students achieved perfect scores of 28 on the AMC 8

Read more at: Notable Achievements of Our Students

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Our Uniqueness

We have a long history of close collaboration with the MAA‘s American Mathematics Competitions (AMC), which are dedicated to strengthening the mathematical capabilities of our nation’s youth, and are the first of a series of competitions in high school mathematics that determine the United States team for the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO).

We are only one in the Washington DC metropolitan area to offer elementary, middle, and high-school level competition math courses. Our students have received top scores and awards at prestigious national math competitions.

Great Benefits of Math Competitions

In an increasingly competitive college application pool, the process of mastering math skills through our courses and participating in the American Math Competitions will help students strengthen and diversify their extracurricular activities. These contests can motivate students’ interest and passion in math, and they can discover their talent through solving challenging problems different from those in the school classes. Many top colleges also request AMC scores as part of the college application process. Both MIT and Caltech have entry blanks on their official admission application forms for the applicant to enter their best AMC and AIME scores. Ivy League Colleges and Stanford ask for to the AMC and AIME scores in their Supplement to the Common Application Forms. Your children deserve the chance to list these scores on their applications! Good AMC scores will greatly enhance admission opportunities for students to elite colleges.

Read more:

Contact Information:

Ivy League Education Center
Tel:  301-922-9508     or        240-780-8828
Email:  chiefmathtutor@gmail.com

education priceless treasure

Click HERE find out more about Math Competitionssat-logo-3

Click HERE to find out more about SAT Prep!

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2020 Special Summer Session – Competitive Math Courses

Summer is the BEST time to develop students’ math skills and to prepare for the American Mathematics Competitions!

Only undertake what you can do in an excellence fashion. There are no prizes for average performance.

See more at:

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Competitive Math Program — Special Summer Session Schedule

Class Day/Time Grade
Online AMC 10/12 Prep (Combinatorics) Special Summer Session — Total: 21 Hours
7 Classes (Eastern Time: 6:00 – 9:00 pm)
7/12, 7/18, 7/19, 7/25, 7/26, 8/1, 8/2
View Course Outline
Rising 7-12
Online AMC 8/Mathcounts Prep (Number Theory) Special Summer Session — Total: 21 Hours
7 Classes (Eastern Time: 1:00 – 4:00 pm)
7/12, 7/18, 7/19, 7/25, 7/26, 8/1, 8/2
View Course Outline
Rising 4-8
Online Intensive AIME Prep Summer Course 10 Classes (Eastern Time: 7:00 – 9:00 pm), Total: 20 Hours
7/13, 7/14, 7/15, 7/16, 7/17 (Midterm Mock Test/Review)
7/20, 7/21, 7/22, 7/23, 7/24 (Final Mock Test/Review)
View Course Outline
Rising 7-12

We record all of our lessons as a big bonus so that our students can watch class videos after class for review and self-study.

Team_Building-338.fc.image

There are many math competitions in the United States. Of those, only

AMC → AIME → USAMO sequence

would take you to the IMO (International Math Olympiad), the highest level math competition for high school students in the world!

AMC-General

Featured Math Instructors

All of our sessions are taught by highly qualified instructors who are excellent experts on preparing students for the exam. We distinguish ourselves by the high quality of our instructors. Finding top-quality instructors is no easy task. We’ve hand-picked some of the best, including graduates of Ivy League institutions.

Our instructors are dedicated to teaching and student success. They are very knowledgeable, patient, available, and willing to help our students. Our students receive a quality education that goes beyond the classroom.

Meet some of them here:

IMG_2563_0

Bronze_medal

Our Students

In 2020, we had 82 students who are qualified to take the AIME either through the AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. One of our students was among the 11 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 12A: Yiyang X, and one of our students was among the 13 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Jason W.. 43 middle schoolers and 9 elementary schoolers qualified for the AIME!

Read more at: 2020 AIME Qualifiers Announced — 82 Students Qualified for the AIME

In 2019, we had 71 students who obtained top scores on the AMC 8 contest!

  • 8 of our students were among the top 151 National Winners (Perfect Scorers), including 2 sixth graders.
  • 36 students received National Distinguished Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 1% test takers, as shown in Table 2.
  • 27 students received National Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 5% test takers, as shown in Table 3.
  • 71 out of our 73 students (97.3%) received National Awards for the AMC 8 from the Mathematical Association of America

Read more at: 2019 AMC 8 Results Just Announced — Eight Students Received Perfect Scores

In 2019, we had 4 students qualified for the USAMO and 4 Students for the USAJMO.

  • Of the 280 USA Math Olympiad national qualifiers, 4 are our students: Luke C., Zipeng L., Sameer P., and Peter P.
  • Of the 235 USA Junior Math Olympiad national qualifiers, 4 are our students: Michael H., Noah W., Holden W., and Isabella Z.

Read more at: 2019 USAMO and USAJMO Qualifiers Announced — Four Students Qualified for the USAMO and Four Students for the USAJMO

In 2019, we had 76 students who are qualified to take the AIME either through the AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. One of our students was among the 22 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Noah W.and one of our students were among the 10 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 12B: Kenneth WVery impressively, 32 middle schoolers and 7 elementary schoolers qualified for the AIME!

In 2018, we had 64 students who obtained top scores on the AMC 8 contest!

  • of our students were among the top 44 National Winners (Perfect Scorers): Eric B., Kevin Y., and Isabella Z.
  • 40 students received National Distinguished Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 1% test takers.
  • 21 students received National Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 5% test takers.
  • 64 out of our 66 students (96.5%) received National Awards for the AMC 8 from the Mathematical Association of America

Read more at: 2018 AMC 8 Results Just Announced — Three Students Received Perfect Scores

In 2018, we had 73 students who are qualified to take the AIME either through the AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. Two of our students were among the 35 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Austen M. and Jason W.  and two of our students were among the 21 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 12B: Kaan D. and Edward W. Remarkably, 11 middle schoolers and 2 elementary schoolers qualified for the AIME!

In 2017, we had 63 students who earned top scores on the AMC 8 contest!

  • of our students were among the top 75 National Winners (Perfect Scorers).
  • 34 students received National Distinguished Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 1% test takers.
  • 22 students received National Honor Roll Certificates awarded to top 5% test takers.
  • 63 out of our 65 students (97%) received National Awards for the AMC 8 from the Mathematical Association of America

Read more at: 2017 AMC 8 Results Just Announced — Seven Students Received Perfect Scores

In 2017, we had 61 students who are qualified to take the AIME either through the AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. One of our students was among the 28 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Austen M., and two of our students were among the 65 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10B: Ashwin A. and Brad Z. Remarkably, eight middle schoolers and one elementary schooler qualified for the AIME, which is geared toward high school students. Very impressively, Bryan Z., a 6th grader, gained a score of 132 out of 150 on the AMC 10B.Read more at: 2017 AIME Qualifiers Announced — 61 Students Qualified for the AIME

In 2016, we had 36 students who are qualified to take AIME either through AMC 10A/12A or AMC 10B/12B. One of our students was among the 23 Perfect Scorers worldwide on the AMC 10A: Joel (Junyao) T. Particularly, seven middle schoolers and one elementary schooler qualified for the AIME, which is geared toward high school students. Pravalika P., a 6th grader, got a 115.5 out of 150 on the AMC10B, which is very impressive. Read more at: 2016 AIME Qualifiers Announced — 36 Students Qualified for AIME

2011 – 2015: In total, 37 students scored above 120 on the American Mathematics Contest 10 (AMC 10) and qualified for the American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME); 26 students scored above 100 on the American Mathematics Contest 12 (AMC 12) and qualified for the American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME); 3 students qualified for the USA Mathematical Olympiad (USAMO), the highest level of math competition for high school students in the USA

2011 – 2015: In total, 23 students achieved perfect scores of 28 on the AMC 8

Read more at: Notable Achievements of Our Students

AAEAAQAAAAAAAAKeAAAAJDkzYTk2ZjE5LTk1YWQtNDBkNy1hZDhjLTVjOTA2YWQ2NmQ2Mw

Our Uniqueness

We have a long history of close collaboration with the MAA‘s American Mathematics Competitions (AMC), which are dedicated to strengthening the mathematical capabilities of our nation’s youth, and are the first of a series of competitions in high school mathematics that determine the United States team for the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO).

We are only one in the Washington DC metropolitan area to offer elementary, middle, and high-school level competition math courses. Our students have received top scores and awards at prestigious national math competitions.

Great Benefits of Math Competitions

In an increasingly competitive college application pool, the process of mastering math skills through our courses and participating in the American Math Competitions will help students strengthen and diversify their extracurricular activities. These contests can motivate students’ interest and passion in math, and they can discover their talent through solving challenging problems different from those in the school classes. Many top colleges also request AMC scores as part of the college application process. Both MIT and Caltech have entry blanks on their official admission application forms for the applicant to enter their best AMC and AIME scores. Ivy League Colleges and Stanford ask for to the AMC and AIME scores in their Supplement to the Common Application Forms. Your children deserve the chance to list these scores on their applications! Good AMC scores will greatly enhance admission opportunities for students to elite colleges.

Read more:

Contact Information:

Ivy League Education Center
Tel:  301-922-9508     or        240-780-8828
Email:  chiefmathtutor@gmail.com

education priceless treasure

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Click HERE find out more about Math Competitions!sat-logo-3

Click HERE to find out more about SAT Prep!

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education priceless treasure

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